NASA to Return to Venus with Two New Missions
2021-06-07
LRC
TXT
大字
小字
滚动
全页
1The U.S. space agency NASA has announced plans to launch two new missions to the planet Venus.
2The missions will mark a return to U.S. exploration of Venus after many years.
3Two new robotic spacecraft are to be designed and built to study the planet with the highest temperatures in our solar system.
4NASA chose American company Lockheed Martin to create and operate both spacecraft.
5The company will receive $500 million for each mission through NASA's Discovery Program.
6The spacecraft are expected to launch between 2028 and 2030.
7One mission, called DAVINCI+, is designed to measure the planet's dense, cloudy atmosphere to understand how it formed and developed, a NASA statement said.
8It also aims to capture the first high-quality pictures of geological structures on Venus.
9Some are similar to ones on Earth.
10After arriving at Venus, the DAVINCI+ spacecraft will send a probe into the planet's atmosphere.
11It will then use its instruments to measure levels of gases and other elements, temperature and pressure, Lockheed Martin said.
12The other mission, VERITAS, will map the surface of Venus to learn about "the planet's geologic history and understand why it developed so differently than Earth," NASA said.
13When the VERITAS orbiter arrives at Venus, it will use a method called "aerobraking" to place itself "into an optimal science position in the planet's orbit," Lockheed Martin said.
14It will then use imaging equipment to capture data about the planet's geology.
15Venus is Earth's closest planetary neighbor and the second closest planet to the sun.
16It is similar in structure to Earth, but a little smaller.
17Venus rotates in the opposite direction as Earth and most other planets.
18Also, its rotation is very slow.
19The air on Venus is so dense and pressurized that it behaves more like a fluid than a gas near the surface.
20The planet has extremely high winds that push clouds completely around the planet every five days.
21Such extreme conditions make it difficult for spacecraft to survive in Venus' atmosphere or on its surface.
22But scientists are very interested in learning more.
23Some believe Venus may have had ancient seas that could have made it habitable before unknown forces destroyed them.
24"It is astounding how little we know about Venus," NASA scientist Tom Wagner said in a statement.
25He added that the new missions can provide fresh data on the planet's thick atmosphere, which is made up mostly of carbon dioxide.
26"It will be as if we have rediscovered the planet," Wagner said.
27James Garvin is the chief scientist for NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.
28He said in a statement he considers Venus important to understanding "climate change, the evolution of habitability and what happens when a planet loses a long period of surface oceans."
29The first spacecraft to explore Venus was NASA's Mariner 2 in 1962.
30It passed within about 34,000 kilometers of the planet.
31NASA says Mariner 2 successfully recorded the planet's temperature for the first time.
32It measured the Venus surface temperature to be about 465 degrees Celsius.
33The United States and the former Soviet Union sent several spacecraft to Venus from the 1960s to the 1980s.
34The former Soviet Union is the first and only country to successfully land a spacecraft on the surface of Venus.
35The first landing was the Soviet explorer Venera 7 in 1970.
36The Soviet spacecraft lasted less than two hours in the extreme environment.
37In 1989, NASA used a space shuttle to send its Magellan spacecraft into orbit around Venus.
38The European Space Agency also put a spacecraft into orbit around Venus in 2006.
39And, a Japanese spacecraft called Akatsuki was launched in 2010 and is currently orbiting Venus.
40I'm Bryan Lynn.
1The U.S. space agency NASA has announced plans to launch two new missions to the planet Venus. 2The missions will mark a return to U.S. exploration of Venus after many years. Two new robotic spacecraft are to be designed and built to study the planet with the highest temperatures in our solar system. 3NASA chose American company Lockheed Martin to create and operate both spacecraft. The company will receive $500 million for each mission through NASA's Discovery Program. The spacecraft are expected to launch between 2028 and 2030. 4One mission, called DAVINCI+, is designed to measure the planet's dense, cloudy atmosphere to understand how it formed and developed, a NASA statement said. It also aims to capture the first high-quality pictures of geological structures on Venus. Some are similar to ones on Earth. 5After arriving at Venus, the DAVINCI+ spacecraft will send a probe into the planet's atmosphere. It will then use its instruments to measure levels of gases and other elements, temperature and pressure, Lockheed Martin said. 6The other mission, VERITAS, will map the surface of Venus to learn about "the planet's geologic history and understand why it developed so differently than Earth," NASA said. When the VERITAS orbiter arrives at Venus, it will use a method called "aerobraking" to place itself "into an optimal science position in the planet's orbit," Lockheed Martin said. It will then use imaging equipment to capture data about the planet's geology. 7Venus is Earth's closest planetary neighbor and the second closest planet to the sun. It is similar in structure to Earth, but a little smaller. Venus rotates in the opposite direction as Earth and most other planets. Also, its rotation is very slow. 8The air on Venus is so dense and pressurized that it behaves more like a fluid than a gas near the surface. The planet has extremely high winds that push clouds completely around the planet every five days. 9Such extreme conditions make it difficult for spacecraft to survive in Venus' atmosphere or on its surface. But scientists are very interested in learning more. Some believe Venus may have had ancient seas that could have made it habitable before unknown forces destroyed them. 10"It is astounding how little we know about Venus," NASA scientist Tom Wagner said in a statement. He added that the new missions can provide fresh data on the planet's thick atmosphere, which is made up mostly of carbon dioxide. "It will be as if we have rediscovered the planet," Wagner said. 11James Garvin is the chief scientist for NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. He said in a statement he considers Venus important to understanding "climate change, the evolution of habitability and what happens when a planet loses a long period of surface oceans." 12The first spacecraft to explore Venus was NASA's Mariner 2 in 1962. It passed within about 34,000 kilometers of the planet. NASA says Mariner 2 successfully recorded the planet's temperature for the first time. It measured the Venus surface temperature to be about 465 degrees Celsius. 13The United States and the former Soviet Union sent several spacecraft to Venus from the 1960s to the 1980s. The former Soviet Union is the first and only country to successfully land a spacecraft on the surface of Venus. The first landing was the Soviet explorer Venera 7 in 1970. The Soviet spacecraft lasted less than two hours in the extreme environment. 14In 1989, NASA used a space shuttle to send its Magellan spacecraft into orbit around Venus. The European Space Agency also put a spacecraft into orbit around Venus in 2006. And, a Japanese spacecraft called Akatsuki was launched in 2010 and is currently orbiting Venus. 15I'm Bryan Lynn. 16Bryan Lynn wrote this story for VOA Learning English, based on reports from NASA, The Associated Press, Reuters and Lockheed Martin. Mario Ritter, Jr. was the editor. 17We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page. 18_________________________________________________________________ 19Words in This Story 20mission - adj. a flight by an aircraft or spacecraft to perform a specific task 21geology - n. the study of rocks and soil and the physical structure of the Earth 22probe - n. a vehicle used to examine or observe something closely 23optimal - adj. the best of most effective possible in a particular situation 24rotate - v. to turn or cause something to turn in a circle 25habitable - adj. able to support life 26astound - v. to surprise of shock someone very much 27evolution - n. a gradual process of change and development